This article discusses additional defense constructions in the settlements located on the territory of the Middle Volga in the tenth-sixteenth centuries. Here, we identify all types of design, which are divided into several groups and emphasize their importance for the whole defense complex of medieval settlements. We also analyze the methods of construction and functional characteristics of these fortifications, and draw attention to the possible origin of these defensive devices. The article presents the evolution of these fortification constructions throughout the period of time under study.
Middle
The article is devoted to the release of "V.O.Klyuchevsky. Lectures on the History of Western Europe in Connection with the History of Russia" edited by R.A.Kireyeva, who prepared this unique handwritten heritage of the great Russian historian for publication. The author reveals the scientific significance of the materials presented in the voluminous work that allow us to retrace the evolution of Kliuchevsky’s historical views on the modern history of Western Europe and Russia. The article reviews all the key issues which Klyuchevsky raised while working on the course of General History in Alexander's
historical memory, modernization, scientific laboratory, methodology, comparative-historical method, self-consciousness of society, the role of the individual in history.
The article is about the Russian research on museum photodocuments (2000s). It presents theoretical and methodological aspects of source studies devoted to the basic themes of photographs – ethnographic, military, landscape, and family ones. The researchers investigate the origin of ethnographic photographs and represent a new approach in the Russian historiography, when photographs are used as a method for extracting more information out of them. They also explore interpretive possibilities of war photography and study certain aspects of work with landscape photography and family photos.
photodocument, historical source, museum’s collections, Russian historiography.
The article reveals the little-known plots about the direct and indirect impact of the Turkic-Tatar States, formed after disintegration of the Golden Horde (the Kazan, Kasimov, Astrakhan Khanates, the Nogai Horde) on the
Tatars, Nizhny Novgorod region,
The article studies epigraphic monuments of the Ulus Djuchi period drawing certain conclusions about the class of military-servile aristocracy in medieval
Volga
The article studies the landscape of the Central Volga Area and the territorial distribution of medieval settlements. The conclusion is made about a considerable variety of its surface structure which had a significant impact on the placing of fortified settlements. The author writes about differences in their location, their quantitative ratio throughout the 10th – 16th centuries, and conducts a comprehensive analysis of fortification monuments in accordance with their functional properties.
The article studies the buried treasure of jewelry and fragments of silver ingots of the 11th-12th centuries. The treasure was found on the
archaeology, the Middle Ages, Volga
The article discusses one of the unexplored and, so to speak, surprising pages of World War I history –
a research carried out by German scientists in the camps for Muslim prisoners of war in
World War I, Muslim prisoners of war, propaganda camps, Gotthold Weil, Tatar texts, the Tatar language teaching.
The content of the article reveals the complexity and contradictions of the formation and development of the Islamic religious movement in the Republic of Mari El in the 1990–2005. Having studied a wide range of sources, the author comes to the following conclusions: the process of formation and development of the Islamic movement in Mari El took place during the ambiguous period for the whole of Russia, the leaders of the Muslim organizations of the republic contributed to the integrating and disintegrating process within the movement, the contradictions being mostly influenced by external factors.
Republic of Mari El, Islam, Muslim associations, Regional Spiritual Directorate of Muslims of the Republic of Mari El, internal conflicts, inter-confessional world.
The article is devoted to the study of medieval metallurgical craft in Volga Bulgaria. The author examines a clay crucible – one of the main components of metalworking jewelers’ tools. The materials of Bilyar settlement (early X – early XIII cc.) studied in recent years are explored. The author makes conclusions about the technical features of the tools used by Bulgar master metallurgists and outlines the prospects for their further study.
medieval handicraft of Eastern Europe, Volga Bulgaria, Bilyar, archeometallurgy, crucibles.